Unit6贫富有别,治国有道1ThesweetperfumewaftingovernorthernIraqdoesnotcomefromthewildflowersthatspeckleitsrumpledplainsinspring.Itisthesmellofoilanditiseverywhere,flaringatwellheads,sloshingfromthetankertrucksthatgrinduppotholedroadstobackyardrefineriesintheKurdishhillsandfumingfromtheirchimneys.NoristhistheoiliestpartofIraq.Thatliesinthedesertstothesouthwhereitliterallyseepsfromtheground.InfactthewholeofIraqsitsatopseamsandpocketsofthestickystuff.Thereisplentytogoaround,ifonlytheIraqiscouldagreetostopshootingeachother.伊拉克北部的空气中弥漫的甜甜的芳香并非来自于春天里点缀着凌乱草地的野花,这种气味是由遍及这里每一寸土地的石油而散发开来的,而且随处可见开采井口冒着熊熊烈火,油罐车轧着崎岖的路面留下了一路的油渍,而它的目的地便是库尔德山间烟囱耸立的炼油厂。其实伊拉克最为盛产石油的地方还不是这里,而是位于通往南部的沙漠——那里的石油简直是从地面直接渗出来的。假如这个国家族群之间的暴力争斗能够停止的话,那生活在液体黄金之上的全体伊拉克人民一定会过着安居乐业的生活。2ThereisplentyforotherArabs,too.Takentogether,their19countriesholdsome46%oftheworld’stotalprovenoilreserves(aswellasaquarterofitsnatural-gasreserves).Theoneswiththemosthaveitdoublyeasy.SaudisorKuwaitisspendjust$3totapabarrelfromtheirmostaccessiblewells.SmallwonderthattheiroilmenscoffatloomingcompetitionfromAmerica’sfancyfrackersandshalers.ThetechnicalwizardryofthemoderndrillingtechniquesthatmaysoonmakeAmericaself-sufficientinenergycanpushthecostofextractingabarrelwellbeyond$100.其实,伊拉克富饶的燃料资源只是整个阿拉伯世界一个缩影。数据显示,全球46%的石油探明储量(以及1/4的天然气储量)都位于19个阿拉伯国家的地下,其中储量最多的那些国家更是轻而易举地就能获取石油资源。沙特和科威特最易开采石油的地方,其最低成本只需每桶3美元,这也就是为什么美国高端的水力压裂页岩油气技术人员带来了日趋激烈的竞争,而当地石油开采工人却还不以为然的原因。这种在美国人眼中的现代钻井技术可能在不久的将来,奇迹般地使美国成为一个能源自给的国家——但是采用这一技术的开采成本却远远高于每桶100美元。3TheArabworld’shydrocarbonrichesareunevenlyshared.SaudiArabiaaloneholdsthebulkofallreserves.JusteightArabcountrieshaveactuallygrownrichfromenergyexports,thoughsomeofthemspectacularlyso:inthetinyemirateofQatarsome14%ofhouseholdsaredollarmillionaires,ahigherproportionthaninanyothercountry.Dividedamongits250,000citizens(theother85%ofQatar’spopulationof2.1mareforeignworkers),thetinyemirate’sGDPcomesto$700,000perperson.AverageincomesacrosstheArabGulfstatesarearound50timesthoseinYemen,SudanandMauritania.不过尽管阿拉伯地区富含烃类物质,然而分布并不均匀——沙特阿拉伯一国就占据了巨额储量。事实上,阿拉伯国家中只有8个通过能源出口成功致富,不过其中仍有几国十分惹眼。酋长国卡塔尔国土面积很小,却有约14%的家庭资产超过百万美元,这一比例可谓世界之最。如果把该国的国内生产总值平分到25万本国国民手中,那每个人可以拿到70万美元(卡塔尔210万总人口中有85%是外国工人)。阿拉伯海湾国家的平均收入几乎是也门、苏丹和毛里塔尼亚的50倍。4Thismaychange.PoorerArabstatesarenotabouttobecomenewQatars,butmany,suchasYemen,Tunisia,SudanandEgypt,alreadyexportoilorgas,andthelingeringenergypaupersaredoingbettertoo.Morocco,untilnowcompletelyreliantonimports,pinshighhopesonoffshoreexplorationthatisjustgettingunderway.ItsAtlanticshelfsharesthesamepromisinggeologythatoilcompaniesinMauritaniaarealreadyexploiting.MuchofthispotentiallodeskirtsthelongcoastoftheWesternSahara,wheresovereigntyremainscontesteddespit...