JY created, Finalized by Treeapple 1 Note of Pathophysiology Chapter1 Introduction for Pathophysiology(P7) 1. Health: State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the ab-sence of disease and infirmity. 2. Disease: Disease is referred as aberrant manifestation of deregulated homeostasis caused by harmful agents. 3. Brain Death: The criteria of brain death released from WHO are as follows: i. Cessation of spontaneous respiration; ii. Irreversible coma; iii. Absence of cephalic reflexes and dilated pupils; iv. Absence of any electrical activity of the brain; v. Absence of brain blood flow. Chapter2 Cellular disfunction in Disease(P20) 1. 细胞增殖(cell proliferation)：是指细胞分裂和再生的过程，细胞通过分裂进行增殖，使遗传信息传给子代，保留物种的延续性和数量增多。 2. 细胞分化(cell differentiation): 是指在细胞增殖时，子代细胞在形态、结构和生理功能上产生差异的过程，其本质是细胞发生基因差别表达。 3. 细胞周期(cell cycle): 或称细胞增殖周期是指增殖细胞从一次分裂结束到下一次分裂结束所经历的时期和顺序变化，分为四个连续阶段：G1—S—G2—M。 4. 细胞凋亡(apoptosis): 由体内外因素触发的细胞内预存的死亡程序，而导致的细胞死亡过程，称细胞凋亡。是细胞死亡的一种形式。 5. 细胞自噬(autophagy or autophagocytosis): 是指细胞利用溶酶体降解自身成分的过程，被降解的成分包括细胞质以及细胞器。 细胞凋亡过度所导致的疾病： ⑴心血管疾病：①心肌缺血与缺血－再灌注损伤，②心力衰竭 ⑵神经细胞退行性疾病:①阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimer’s disease) ，②帕金森病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症脊肌肉萎缩、小脑退行性病、遗传性视网膜退行性变。 ⑶病毒感染：艾滋病 (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS)－－CD4+细胞过度凋亡. 细胞增殖与分化异常与疾病： JY created, Finalized by Treeapple 2 Chapter3 Dysfunction of cellular signal transduction in disease(P51) 1.细胞信号转导系统(Cell signaling transduction system) ：signal molecules; the coupling re-ceptors /...
