外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：场地管理现场管理外文翻译中英文文献出处：Kazuhisa Kuba, Christopher Monz, Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen, Vera Helene Hausner[J].Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism,Volume 22,June2025, Pages 1-8译文字数：8700 多字英文Role of site management in influencing visitor use along trails in multiple alpine protected areas in NorwayKazuhisa Kuba, Christopher Monz,etcAbstractSite-level management such as the construction of parking lots, formal trails and other visitor facilities is a common means of confining visitor use in protected areas. The effectiveness of site management, in terms of providing visitor access while limiting impacts, has not been broadly evaluated in parks in the Nordic regions given the tradition of open access and the prevalence of multiple entry points. Moreover, in Norwegian parks, visitor facilities are often provided by the Norwegian Trekking Association, which is the country's largest outdoor organization, and have originally been designed for public access to recreation rather than to meet management objectives in protected areas. In this study, we explored whether formal trails tend to focus visitor use by assessing observable indicators of visitor use along 64 formal trails (417.3 km) and 234 informal trails (66.9 km). The assessment was conducted across a vast geographic area consisting of 11 protected areas in the Alpine North Environmental Zone in Norway. We found that Norwegian protected areas generally have low level of observable visitor use along informal trails. In comparisons, importance of site management was statistically evident only for the presence of trash, as facilities such as marked trails and parking lots were negatively related to amount of trash along associ...
