Whatcanbedoneaboutmassunemployment?Allthewiseheadsagree:there’renoquickoreasyanswers.应当怎样应对大规模失业问题呢?所有聪颖的人都认为:没有快捷或简朴的答案。There’sworktobedone,butworkersaren’treadytodoit—they’reinthewrongplaces,ortheyhavethewrongskills,Ourproblemsare“structural,”andwilltakemanyyearstosolve.工作是有的,不过劳动者没有做好准备—他们要么跑错了地方,要么技能不对口。我们的问题是构造性的,需要很数年才能处理。Butdon’tbotheraskingforevidencethatjustifiesthisbleakview.不过,别费心为这种消极的论调寻求佐证了。Thereisn’tany.Onthecontrary,allthefactssuggestthathighunemploymentinAmericaistheresultofinadequatedemand.Sayingthatthere’renoeasyanswerssoundswise.Butit’sactuallyfoolish:主线就没有证据。恰恰相反,所有的事实都表明美国的高失业率是需求局限性的后果。说没有简朴的答案,这听上去很明智,实际上很愚蠢:ourunemploymentcrisiscouldbecuredveryquicklyifwehadtheintellectualclarityandpoliticalwilltoact.Inotherwords,structuralunemploymentisafakeproblem,whichmainlyservesasanexcusefornotpursingrealsolutions.假如我们有清醒的理智和政治意志来采用行动,我们的失业危机就可以很快都到处理。换言之,构造性失业是个伪命题,其目的是为不去寻求真正的处理措施找借口。Thefactisjobopeningshaveplungedineverymajorsector,whilethenumberofworkersforcedintopart-timeemploymentinalmostallindustrieshassoared.事实是各个重要行业的职位空缺都在骤降,而几乎所有行业中被迫从事兼职工作的劳动者数量骤升。Unemploymenthassurgedineverymajoroccupationalcategory.Onlythreestates.WithacombinedpopulationnotmuchlargerthanthatofBrooklyn,haveunemploymentratesbelow5%.失业问题在各重要工种都已经涌现。只有在三个总人口数加起来和布鲁克林差不多的州失业率低于5%。Sotheevidencecontradictstheclaimthatwe’remainlysufferingfromstructuralunemployment.Why,then,hasthisclaimbecomesopopular?因此,这一证据于我们正在经历构造性失业的论调相矛盾。那么这种论调为何会如此流行呢?Partoftheansweristhatthisiswhatalwayshappensduringperiodsofhighunemployment—inpartbecauseexpertsandanalystsbelievethatdeclaringtheproblemdeeplyrooted,withnoeasyanswers,makesthemsoundserious.部分原因是由于这是高失业率时期都会发生的事情—这在某种程度上是由于专家和分析人士相信,宣称问题有深层次的本源而不能轻易处理会使他们的话听起来严厉些。I’vebeenlookingatwhatself-proclaimedexpertsweresayingaboutunemploymentduringtheGreatDepression;itwasalmostidenticaltowhatVerySeriousPeoplearesayingnow.我翻看了大萧条时期所谓专家对失业问题的观点。这与目前这些“十分严厉的人们”所说的如出一辙。Unemploymentcannotbebroughtdownrapidly,declaredone1935analysis,becausetheworkforceis“unadaptableanduntrained.Itcannotrespondtotheopportunitieswhichindustrymayoffer.”1935年的一项分析称,失业人数是不能很快减少的,由于劳动力“无法适应,缺乏培训,无法把握制造业也许提供的机会”。Afewyearslater,alargedefensebuildupfinallyprovidedafiscalstimulusadequatetotheeconomy’sneeds—andsuddenlyindustrywaseagertoemploythose“unadaptableanduntrained”workers.数年后,大规模的国防建设最终为经济需求提供了充足的财政刺激—而忽然之间制造业就紧迫地雇佣了那些“无法适应,缺乏培训”的工作者。Butnow,asthen,powerfulforcesareideologicallyopposedtothewholeideaofgovernmentactiononasufficientscaletojump-starttheeconomy.但目前,就像当时同样,强权势力在意识上就反对政府大规模刺激经济的行动。Andthat,fundamentally,iswhyclaimsthatwefacehugestructuralproblemshavebeenmultiplying:theyofferareasontodonothingaboutthemassunemploymentthatiscripplingouteconomyandoursociety.这也就从主线上解释了为何我们面临的构造性问题的论调被多次提出:它们为针对大规模失业这一阻碍经济和社会发展的问题无所作为提供了理由。Sowhatyouneedtoknowisthatthere’snoevidencewhatsoevertobacktheseclaims.因此你需要明白的是这些论调主线没有根据可言。Wearen’tsufferingfromashortageofneededskills,We’resufferingfromalackofpolicyresolve.我们缺乏的并不是所需的技能,我们缺乏的是政策决断。AsIsaid,structuralunemploymentisn’tarealproblem,it’sanexcuse—areasonnottoactonAmerica’sproblemsatatimewhenactionisdesperatelyneeded.正如我所说的,构造性失业并不是一种真正的问题,而只是一种借口---一种急需作为以处理美国问题的时候,政府不作为的理由。