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1第一单元Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学'Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学'Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Phonetics语音学：thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofabranchoflinguisticscalledphoneticsPhonology音系学:aslinguistsbecameinterestedinhowsoundsputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.Morphology形态学:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.Syntax句法学:thecombinationofthesewordstoformpermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrules,thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticsstudiesSemantics语义学:thestudyofmeaningwasgraduallydevelopedandbecameknownassemanticsPragmatics语用学:whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolaion,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmaticsSociolinguistics社会语言学:thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranchcalledsociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics心理语言学：Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学:findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguisticsOtherrelatedbranchsincludeanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics。人类学/神经语言学/数理语言学/计算语言学1.PrescriptivevsDescriptive规定性与描述性Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage2.Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudyInmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.3.Speechandwriting口头语与书面语Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:(1)speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution(2)alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting(3)speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage4.Languageandparole语言与言语LanguagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse5.Competenceandperformance能力与运用Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers'knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationWhatislanguage?什么是语言？LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationCharacteristicsoflanguage:语言的特性Languageisarule-governedsystemLanguageisbasicallyvocalLanguageisarbitrary(thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamou...