6.3Macropragmatics宏观语用学SpeechacttheoryTheCooperativePrinciple(CP)ThepolitenessPrinciple(PP)一.二.三.Speechacttheory言语行为理论1.Illocutionaryacts[ilə'kju:ənəri]ʃ2.Classificationofillocutionaryacts3.Indirectspeechacts1.Illocutionaryacts(言外行为)[ilə'kju:ənəri]ʃBasically,theybelievethatlanguageisnotonlyusedtoinformortodescribethings,itisoftenusedto"dothings",toperformacts.ProposedbyA.L.AustinDevelopedbyJ.R.SearleSearle约翰·罗杰斯·希尔勒Forexample:Ifyouworkinacompanywherethebosshastheoverwhelmingpower,thenthebossutteranceismorethanjustastatement.Youarefired.Thisutterancecanbeusedtoperformtheactofendingyouremployment.IherebynamethisshipRedFlag.ActionsperformedviautterancesarecalledspeechactsandinEnglishtheseactsarecommonlygivenmorespeciallabels,suchasapology,complaint,compliment，invitation,promiseorrequest.Inallthesecasesabove,theutteringoftherelevantwordsitself;withouttheutterancetheactionisnotdone.Thesearecalledperformativesentencesandtheverbsusedarecalledperformativeverbs.Ipromisetobethereatnineo'clock.Iapologize.Itisarguedthatevennon-performativesentencesareusetoperformacts.Forinstance:Insaying"It'ssuchafinedaytoday."someonemaybeperformingtheactofsuggestinganouting..anoutingSoitisclaimedthatallsentences,inadditiontowhatevertheymean,performspecificactionsor"dothings"throughhavingspecificforces.Austinsuggeststhreebasicsensesinwhichinsayingsomethingoneisdoingsomethingandthreekindsofactsareperformedsimultaneously.Threekindsofactions:(1)Locutionaryact(言内行为):theactofsaying,theliteralmeaningoftheutterance;(2)Illocutionaryact(言外行为):theextrameaningoftheutteranceproducedonthebasisofitsliteralmeaning;(3)Perlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutteranceonthehearer,dependingonspecificcircumstances.(一)“以言指事”(locution)---说话本身及由此而产生的语义学意义；(二)“以言行事”(illocution)---用话来做事或传递交际意图；(三)“以言成事”(perlocution)---说话后改变世界和产生效果。It'sstuffyinhere.Thereisn'tenoughfreshairinhere.Arequestofthehearertoopenthewindow.Thehearer'sopeningthewindoworhisrefusaltodoso.LocutionaryactIllocutionaryactPerlocutionaryactWhatspeechacttheoryismostconcernedwithisillocutionaryacts.Itattemptstoaccountforthewaysbywhichspeakerscanmeanmorethanwhattheysay.Italsodesignedtoshowcohereenceinseeminglyincoherentconversations.Husband:That'sthephone.Wife:I'minthebathroom.Husband:Okay.Arefusaltocomplywiththerequestedandissuingarequesttoherhusbandtoanswerthephoneinstead.2.Classificationofillocutionaryacts(1)Representatives(2)Directives(3)Commissives(4)Expressives(5)Declarations(1)Representatives(阐述类)Thosekindsofspeechactsthatstatethatthespeakeriscommittedinvariouswaystothetruthofthestatement.Statemensoffact,assertions,anddescriptions.a.Theearthisflat.b.Itwasawarmsunnyday.c.Chomskydidn'twriteaboutmusic.Inusingarepresentative,thespeakermakeswordsfittheworld(ofbelief).(2)Directives（指令类）Thosekindsofspeechactsthatthespeakerusestogetthehearertodosomething.Theyexpresswhatthespeakerwants.Theyarecommands,orders,requests,suggestions,beggingandpleading.Theycanbepositiveornegative.a.Givemeacupoftea.Makeitblack.b.Couldyoulendmeapen,please?c.Don'ttouchthat.Inusingadirective,thespeakerattemptstomaketheworldfitthewords(viathehearer).(3)Commissives（承诺类）Thosekindsofspeechactsthatthespeakerusestocommithimselftosomefutureaction.Theyexpresswhatthespeakerint...
