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我们为何会咬指甲：紧张焦虑在作怪(双语)2014年07月18日11:59中国日报网收藏本文我们为何会咬指甲？Whatdoex-BritishprimeminsterGordonBrown,JackieOnassis,BritneySpearsandIallhaveincommon?Weallare(orwere)nailbiters。It'snotahabitI'mproudof.It'sprettydisgustingforotherpeopletowatch,ruinstheappearanceofmyhands,isprobablyunhygienicandsometimeshurtsifItakeittoofar.I'vetriedtoquitmanytimes,buthavenevermanagedtokeepitup。英国前首相戈登·布朗(GordonBrown)、杰奎琳·肯尼迪(JackieOnassis)、布兰妮·斯皮尔斯(BritneySpears)之间有什么共同点呢？他们都爱(或曾经都爱)咬指甲。这嗜好我可不喜欢。被别人看到多恶心呀，把双手的形象全毁了，很可能不卫生，如果咬得太深还会受伤。我也几次试图想要戒掉，但从未持之以恒。LatelyI'vebeenwonderingwhatmakessomeoneaninveteratenail-biterlikeme.Areweweakerwilled?Moreneurotic?Hungrier?Perhaps,somewhereintheannalsofpsychologicalresearchtherecouldbeananswertomyquestion,andmaybeevenhintsabouthowtocuremyselfofthisunsavouryhabit。最近，我总在想是什么让像我这样爱咬指甲的人恶习难改呢？难道和其他人相比我们意志更薄弱？更神经质？更有欲望？也许心理学研究的文献能够给我答案，也许还能给我一些暗示，教我如何自我摆脱这个令人讨厌的习惯。Myfirstdipintotheliteratureshowsupthemedicalnameforexcessivenailbiting:'onychophagia'.Psychiatristsclassifyitasanimpulsecontrolproblem,alongsidethingslikeobsessivecompulsivedisorder.Butthisisforextremecases,wherepsychiatrichelpisbeneficial,aswithotherexcessivegroominghabitslikeskinpickingorhairpulling.I'mnotatthatstage,fallinginsteadamongthemajorityofnailbiterswhocarryonthehabitwithoutserioussideeffects.Upto45%ofteenagersbitetheirnails,forexample;teenagersmaybeahandfulbutyouwouldn'targuethatnearlyhalfofthemneedmedicalintervention.Iwanttounderstandthe'subclinical'sideofthephenomenon–nailbitingthatisn'tamajorproblem,butstillenoughofanissueformetowanttoberidofit。第一次浏览文献就发现了过度咬指甲的医学术语：“咬甲癖”(onychophagia)。心理学家把它归于一种冲脉控制问题，即类似强迫症问题。但这仅指极端案例，精神病学对此的帮助颇有成效，对其他过度怪癖也是如此，如：皮肤搔抓症，拔毛癖。我可没到那种程度，只是和大多数爱咬指甲的人一样，一直有这样的癖好，但没什么严重的不良反应。45%以上的青少年爱咬指甲，比如：青少年可能只占一小部分，但你不会说他们中一半人需要接受医学治疗。我想要了解这种现象临床症状不明显的一面——咬指甲没什么大惊小怪，但它对我来说依然是件大事得去克服。It’smother’sfaultPsychotherapistshavehadsometheoriesaboutnailbiting,ofcourse.SigmundFreudblameditonarrestedpsycho-sexualdevelopment,attheoralstage(ofcourse).TypicaltoFreudiantheories,oralfixationislinkedtomyriadcauses,suchasunder-feedingorover-feeding,breast-feedingtoolong,orproblematicrelationshipwithyourmother.Italsohasagrab-bagofresultingsymptoms:nailbiting,ofcourse,butalsoasarcasticpersonality,smoking,alcoholismandloveoforalsex.Othertherapistshavesuggestednail-bitingmaybeduetoinwardhostility–itisaformofself-mutilationafterall–ornervousanxiety。都是妈妈的错当然，心理学家在咬指甲方面有许多理论。西格蒙德•弗洛伊德(SigmundFreud)把它归结于性心理发育不良，当然是在口腔期。典型的弗洛伊德理论认为，口欲滞留的原因有很多，诸如：喂食不足或喂食过盛、哺乳时间过长、或与母亲关系不睦。当然，各原因交错也导致了诸多症状的发生：当然，咬指甲是其一，还有为人尖酸刻薄、吸烟、酗酒、喜欢口交。其他理疗师建议将咬指甲归于“内在敌意”——毕竟是某种形式上的自残——或是紧张焦虑。Likemostpsychodynamictheoriestheseexplanationscouldbetru...