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1英文文献:SMARTCARDforSMARTCAMPUSKFUPMCaseStudyTala1HalawaniandMohamedMohandesKingFahdUniversityofPetroleumandMineralsmohandes@kfuum.edu.SaAbstractSmartcardisthelatestadditionintheworldofinformationtechnology.Thevisionofthesmartcardprogramistoprovideaccesstoservicesthatissecure,fast,friendly,easytouse,flexible,personal,andisaccessiblebytheuserskomanyplaceatanytime.Asmartcardisofthesizeofaconventionalcreditcardwithanembeddedcomputerchipthatstoresandtransactsdatabetweenusersanddevices.Thisdataisassociatedwitheithervalueorinformationorbothandisstoredandprocessedwithinthechipofthecard.Thecarddataistransactedviaacardreaderattachedtoacomputingsystemasaperipheraldevice.Smartcardsareextensivelyusedthroughseveralkeyapplicationslikeeducation,healthcare,banking,entertainment,andtransportation.1.IntroductionSmartcardisamini-computercapableofstoringandprocessingdata.Although,at-present,theyaremostpopularassingle-functioncashcardsandlong-distancecallingcards,theircapabilitiesrangefromretainingtickets,money,frequentflyermiles,travelpreferences,insuranceinformation,keydemographicdata,linkstoapatient’smedicalrecords,toallowingaccessintoabuilding,loggingontoanetwork,etc.Thepotentialofthesmartcardislimitless.Withtheaddedbonusofthesefunctionsbeingperformedonasinglecard,smartcardshavetheabilitytobecomeindispensabletools.SmartcardswerefirstintroducedinEuropeacoupleofdecadesagoasastored2valuetoolforpayphonestoreducetheft[I].Assmartcardsandotherchip-basedcardsadvanced,peoplefoundnewwaystousethem,suchaschargingcardsforcreditpurchasesandforrecordkeepinginplaceofpaper.Smartcardsprovidetamper-proofstorageofuserandaccountidentity.Theyprovideprotectionagainstafullrangeofsecuritythreats,komcarelessstorageofuserpasswordstosophisticatedsystemhacks.Smartcardcanbemulti-functionalthroughtheuseofseveralapplicationsstoredonthecard.Thispaperstartswiththehistoryofsmartcardsanddescribesthedifferenttypesofsmartcardswithcharacteristicsofeachtype.Finally,thepaperwilldetailKFUPMsmartcardsystemasanimportantcasestudyinthefield.2.TheHistoryofSmartCardsThefirstplasticpaymentcardforgeneralusewasissuedbytheDinnersClubin1950.Atfirstthecard’sfunctionswerequitesimple[2].Theyinitiallyservedasdatacarriersthatweresecureagainstforgeryandtampering.Generalinformation,suchasthecardissuer’sname,wasprintedonthesurfacewhilepersonaldataelements,suchasthecardholder’snameandthecardnumberwereembossed.Furthermore,manycardsbadasignaturefield.Protectionagainstforgerywasprovidedbyvisualfeatures.Therefore,thesystem’ssecuritydependedcompletelyontheretailstaffacceptingthecards.However,thiswasnotanoverwhelmingproblemduetothecard‘sinitialexclusivity.Therewasapressingneedformachine-readablecardstoreducehandlingcostinadditiontothefactthatcardissuer’slossesduegrewfromyeartoyearduetofraud[2].Thefirstimprovementconsistedofamagneticstriponthebackofthecard.Thisalloweddigitaldatatobestoredonthecardinamachine-readableformasasupplementtothevisualdata.Additionally,securityisenhancedbytheuseofasecretpersonalidentificationnumber(PIN)thatiscomparedtoareferencenumberstoredinthemagneticstrip[3].Althoughtheembossedcardwithamagneticstripisstillthemostcommonlyusedtypeofpaymentcard,theysufferfromasevereweaknessinthatdatastoredonthestripcanberead,deletedandrewrittenbyanyonewithaccesstotheappropriateequipment.3PINmustbestoredinthehostsysteminasecureenvironment...