covalentbonding共价键非极性）分子metabolism新陈代谢Hydrophilic亲水的miscible互溶的isomers同分异构enantiomers对映异构体monosaccharides果糖polysaccharide多糖galactose半乳糖maltose麦芽sucrose蔗starch淀粉glycogen糖原carboxyl烃基estradiol雌激素phospholipids磷脂polypeptides多肽chaperone伴侣AP生物学词汇Unit1TheChemistryofLife生命中的化学ionicbonding离子键hydrogenbonding氢键polar,(nonpolar)molecule极性monomer单体functionalgroup（有机化学中的）功能团carbohydrate糖类，碳水化合物protein蛋白质lipid脂类nucleicacid核酸enzyme生物酶activationenergy反应起始需要的能Enzymes酶Hydrophobic疏水的Vinegar血浆Biome群落Cis-transisomers顺反异构体Calorimeter热量计Disaccharides二糖Glucose葡萄Fructose果Lactose乳Cellulose纤维素Chitin几丁质，壳质，角素；Glycerol甘油Testosterone雄激素Cholesterol胆固醇DNA脱氧核糖核酸RNA核糖核酸Polymers聚合物Fibrous纤维Catabolism分解代谢Globular球状Cofactors辅助因子Cooperativity协同anabolism合成代谢tertiary三级eukaryote真核生物phospholipidbilayer磷脂双分子层osmosis渗透exocytosis胞吐organelle细胞器mitochondria线粒体ribosome核糖体cellularrespiration细胞呼吸glycolysis糖酵解citricacid(krebs)cycles羧酸循环生物膜的）流动镶嵌模photosynthesis光合作用heterotrophy异养生物calvincycle(darkreaction)暗反应stroma叶绿体基质Endosymbiosis内共生Prokaryotes原核nucleolus核仁peroxisomes过氧化物酶endoplasmic内质网cytosol细胞质eukaryotes真核Ribosomes核糖体Nucleus核Vacuoles液泡，收缩泡Unit2TheCell细胞prokaryote原核生物cellmembrane细胞膜fluidmosaicmodeldiffusion扩散activetransport主动运输endocytosis胞吞chloroplast叶绿体lysosome溶酶体cytoskeleton细胞骨架fermentation发酵，无氧呼吸chemiosmosis化学偶联oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化electrontransportchain电子传递链lacticacid乳酸autotrophy自养生物lightreaction光反应thylakoid类囊体carbonfixation固碳(合成糖)的反应Countercurrentexchange逆流变换hydrophilic亲水Proteinkinase蛋白激酶Unit3Genetics遗传mitosis有丝分裂interphase间期metaphase中期telophase末期meiosis减数分裂diploid双倍体allele等位基因recessive隐性genotype基因型heterozygous杂合子testcross测交replicationfork复制叉mutation突变transcription转录exons外显子virus病毒retrovirus逆转录病毒chromosome染色体prophase前期anaphase后期cytokinesis胞质分裂haploid单倍体sisterchromatid姐妹染色单体dominant显性phenotype表现型homozygous纯合子P,F1,F2generation母代，子一代，子二代lawofsegregation分离定律lawofindependentassortment自由组合定律incompletedominance不完全显性codominance共显性sex-linked伴性遗传DNAreplicationDNA复制semi-conservativereplication半保留复制polymerase复制酶（延长DNA链）okazakifragment冈崎片段frameshift读码框迁移introns内含子translation翻译bacteriophage噬菌体bacteria细菌conjugation接合（通过F因子）transduction转导（通过病毒）transformation转化（通过感受态细胞）geneexpression基因表达operon操纵子recombinantDNADNA重组级数restrictionenzyme限制性内切酶plasmid质粒gelelectrophoresis凝胶电泳PCRpolymerasechainreaction聚合酶链反应DNAsequencingDNA测序Humangenomeproject人类基因组工程Respiration呼吸Aerobic有氧Pyruvate丙酮酸Thecitricacidcycle三烃酸循环Gradient梯度anaerobic无氧glycolysis糖酵解glucose葡萄synthase合酶Unit4Mechanismsofevolution进化原理paleontology古生物学embryology胚胎学comparativeanatomy比较解剖学homologousstructures同源性结构analogousstructures同功性结构artificialselection人工选择naturalselection自然选择bottle-neckeffect瓶颈效应hardy-weinbergequilibriumH-W群体进化平衡（公式）genedrift基因漂移geneflow...
