从乔布斯2005年斯坦福大学毕业演讲说起MadebyMingyueYang2013-3-23一、结构清楚,逻辑明晰1、进入主题后马上给出所讲内容的逻辑框架:“TodayIwanttotellyouthreestoriesfrommylife.That'sit.Nobigdeal.Justthreestories.”------具备了“audience-centeredness”(以观众为中心)的特质2、“Thefirststoryisaboutconnectingthedots.Mysecondstoryisaboutloveandloss.Mythirdstoryisaboutdeath.”明晰的思路,听众在听完之后也会记忆犹新,不会觉得头脑混乱,毫无所得。演讲稿的逻辑安排方式乔布斯的是按照topicalorder(话题顺序)和chronologicalorder(时间顺序)来安排的。除此之外,还有spatialorder(空间顺序),problem-solutionorder(提问解决顺序)等等。二、开篇出彩,结尾有道一开始就紧紧抓住听众的注意力和兴趣所在,结尾时,尽量做到意味深长、启发思考。开篇的目的是要吸引听众,乔布斯在该篇演讲稿中使用的是“relatethetopictotheaudience”(关联话题与听众)的方式,这是一种比较有效的方法,人们一般对自己的事情都很关注,和自己相关的事情也会格外留意,乔布斯在开篇说到:“简洁、有效”“Iamhonoredtobewithyoutodayatyourcommencementfromoneofthefinestuniversitiesintheworld.Inevergraduatedfromcollege.Truthbetold,Inevergraduatedfromcollege.ThisistheclosestI'veevergottentoacollegegraduation.”其它的开篇方式1.Statetheimportanceofyourtopic(指出演讲话题的重要性)2.Startletheaudience(使听众震惊)。3.Arousethecuriosityoftheaudience(引起听众的好奇心)4.Questiontheaudience(向观众提问)。5.Beginwithaquotation(以引用开篇)。6.Tellastory(以故事开篇)。结尾“画龙点睛”如何做到“结尾有道”呢?首先,我们来看看乔布斯的这篇演讲稿,他的结尾比开篇更加出彩,采用的是“endwithaquotation”,达到的效果是特别引人深思。他结尾说道,“StewartandhisteamputoutseveralissuesofTheWholeEarthCatalog,andthenwhenithadrunitscourse,theyputoutafinalissue.Itwasthemid-1970s,andIwasyourage.Onthebackcoveroftheirfinalissuewasaphotographofanearlymorningcountryroad,thekindyoumightfindyourselfhitchhikingonifyouweresoadventurous.Beneathitwerethewords:”StayHungry.StayFoolish.“Itwastheirfarewellmessageastheysignedoff.StayHungry.StayFoolish.AndIhavealwayswishedthatformyself.Andnow,asyougraduatetobeginanew,Iwishthatforyou.StayHungry.StayFoolish.”他不仅在结尾引用这句“StayHungry.StayFoolish”(求知若饥,虚心若愚),而且重复三遍,强化听众的印象,这句话也被广泛传播,被誉为该篇演讲的“精髓”。1、Summarizeyourspeech总结演讲1.在结尾时,可以用结束信号词让听众明白你要准备结尾了,不要让演讲结束得太突兀,比如,“Inconclusion","Letmeendmyspeechbysaying...","I'dliketoclosemyspeechthisway."等。2.Makeadramaticstatement(强有力的陈述)是演讲者自己的沉淀和呐喊,非常经典的演讲是PatrickHenry'slegendary"LibertyorDeath"oration.他在结尾时说道,"Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasformw,givemeliberty,orgivemedeath3.Refertotheintroduction首尾呼应这是体现演讲内在统一的很经典的形式,值得借鉴。三、观点阐释,有效支撑主体段的信息量最大,写作量也是最大,如何更清晰地阐释演讲者的观点,有效支撑分论点,是写作时应该把握的关键。在明晰了写作逻辑之后,就要围绕这些逻辑要点来展开论证。乔布斯在斯坦福大学的毕业演讲中,逻辑要点有三:1.Thefirststoryisaboutconnectingthedots.2.Mysecondstoryisaboutloveandloss.3.Mythirdstoryisaboutdeath.三、观点阐释,有效支撑他在阐释中主要运用了以下手段。首先,举例子。文中用了大量的例子来说明他怎么对待学习、工作和死亡,比如他说起自己决定辍学然后旁听有意...