Chapter9SenseRelations9.1SenseRelations9.2Hyponymy9.3Synonymy9.4Antonymy9.5Homonymy9.SenseRelations•Whataresenserelations(语义关系)?–Wordsarearbitrarysymbolsandareindependentidentitiessofarastheirouterfacet---spellingandpronunciation,isconcerned.Butsemantically,allwordsarerelatedinonewayoranother,hencesenserelations.Inlightofsenserelations,wordscanbeclassifiedsemantically.9.1SenseRelations•Typesofsenserelations•--Polysemy（一词多义）--Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semanticinclusion–Synonymy(同义关系)---semanticsimilarity–Antonymy(反义关系)---semanticopposition–Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)•9.1Polysemy•Polysemyisacommonfeaturetoallnaturallanguages,acausalglanceofanypagesofanydictionarywilljustifythefact.Whenawordisfirstcoined,itisalwaysmonosemic,butinthecourseofdevelopment,thesamesymbolmaybeemployedtoexpressnewmeaningsasitisimpossibletohaveonesymbolinalanguagetodenoteonethinginaworld.•Twoapproachestopolysemy•1)Diachronicapproach(历时角度)•Polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword,wordhastheprimarymeaningwhenfirstlycreatedandthenwiththetimeanddevelopmentoflanguage,moremeaningswillattributetoit,thushasthederivedmeanings.•Synchronicapproach(共时角度）Synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningofthesamewordinahistoricalperiodoftime,thebasicmeaningofawordisconsideredtobethecoreofwordmeaning,calledascentralmeaning.Thederivedmeaning,nomatterhownumerous,aresecondary.•Twoprocessesofdevelopment1)Radiation(辐射)Theprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutlikerays.Allthemeaningsareindependentbutcallallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.Question:canyouanalyzetheradiationofthewordsin“head”,“collar”,“neck”and“bridge”?•2)Concatenation（连锁）concatenationmeaning“linkingtogether”,isasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsignificationbysuccessiveshiftsofmeaning,andthereisnotashadowofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimary.•E.g.candidatea.white-robedb.officeseekerinwhitegownsc.apersonwhoseeksanofficed.apersonproposedforaplace,award9.2Hyponymy•Thedefinitionofhyponymy–Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Itreferstotherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenthegenus(种)(generallexicalitem)andthespecies（类）(specificlexicalitems).•Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthesuperordinate(上义词).•Thespecificwordsareknownashyponyms(下义词).9.2Hyponymyliteratureprosefictiondramashortstorynovelettenovelpoetry9.2Hyponymyswimmingboxingrunningracewrestlingweight-liftinghurdleracerunningrelaysprintinglong-distanceracegymnasticsathleticsballgamessports9.2Hyponymy•Implicationsofsemanticfieldforvocabularylearningcharacter/virtueeasy-going,aggressive,arrogant,self-conceited,modest,considerate,sympathetic,extrovert,introvert,amicable,Ambitious,honest,loyal,obedient,strong-willed,Iron-willed,trustworthy,obstinate,stubborn,unyielding,confident•Canyoulistmorediagramsaboutthehyponymyandpointoutthesuper-ordinateandhyponym?Body,vehicle,communicativeapproach,humanbeing,musicalinstrument9.2Hyponymy•Thesemanticfieldtheory(语义场理论)–Thevocabularyofalanguageisnotsimplyalistingofindependentitems,butisorganizedintoareasorfields,themembersofwhicharejoinedtogetherbysomecommonsemanticcomponent.Thewholevocabularycanbedividedupintofields.Wordsineachfieldareseman...
