AbstractTheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage(TOEFL)containsadirectwritingassessment,andexamineesaregiventheoptionofcomposingtheirresponsesatacomputerterminalusingakeyboardorcomposingtheirresponsesinhandwriting
(2)Thisstudysoughttodeterminewhetherperformanceonadirectwritingassessmentiscomparableforexamineeswhengiventhechoicetocomposeessaysinhandwritingversuswordprocessing
(3)WeexaminedthisrelationshipcontrollingforEnglishlanguageproficiencyandseveraldemographiccharacteristicsofexamineesusinglinearmodels
(4)Wefoundaweaktwo-wayinteractionbetweencompositionmediumandEnglishlanguageproficiencywithexamineeswithweakerEnglishlanguagescoresperformingbetteronhandwrittenessayswhileexamineeswithbetterEnglishlanguagescoresperformingcomparablyonthetwotestingmedia
(5)Wealsoobservedpredictabledifferencesasso