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A. 承运人 Shipping Lines 航运公司 Common carriers 公共承运人 OCC Ocean Common Carrier 远洋公共承运人 VOCC Vessel-Operating Common Carrier 船舶承运人 Vessel Sharing Carriers 共用舱位承运人 NVOCC 无船承运人 Master NVOCC 主装无船承运人 Tendering NVOCC 交运货物的无船承运人 Contract NVOCC 签约无船承运人 MTO Multi-modal Transport Operator 多式联运经营人 An MTO deals with all matters in relation to the conveyance of cargo entrusted to him from the point of shipment to the place of delivery, documentation and arrangements with sub-contractors at various breaking points to facilitate expeditious movement of cargo. In most cases it is necessary for him to appoint agents or correspondents at various points or even maintain subsidiary concerns at important transshipping points to attend to all the work necessary in connection with the movement of cargo. He assumes responsibility for the performance of the contract. MTO Marine Terminal Operator 海运码头经营者 Vessel Operation MTO 经营多式联运的船舶承运人 NVO-MTO may be a road operator/rail operator/ airline operator/freight forwarder 不营运船舶的多式联运经营人 Controlled Carrier 受控承运人 Rates must be “just and reasonable” - compensatory. 运价必须是”公正的和合理的“－具有补偿性的 30 days notice required to increase or reduce tariff rates. 运价的上涨和下调登记 30 天后生效 Conference Carrier 公会承运人 Independent carriers 独立承运人 9th largest carrier serving the US 美线第 9 大承运人 Consortium ( Group of carriers pooling resources in a trade lane to maximize their resources effectively ) 联盟 Alliance 联盟 B. 竞争 Competitors 竞争对手 Player 竞争参与者（对手） Foreclose from 。。排斥在外 To preserve legitimate competition among all common carriers 保持公共承运人之间的合法竞争 C. 运输模式、网络 Tra...