TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapter1Geography,PeopleandLanguage全名:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritain（大不列颠联合王国）andNorthernIreland（北爱尔兰）.由成千上万的小岛组成（theBritishIsles）.两大岛屿：GreatBritain（大不列颠）andIreland（爱尔兰）TheRiverThames(secondlongestandmostimportant),originates（起源于）insouthwesternEngland-----NorthSea.Scotland(Edinburgh爱丁堡)importantriver:ClydeRiverkilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales(Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口).TheSevernRiveristhelongestriverofBritain------flowthroughwesternEngland.NorthernIreland(Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府)LoughNeagh----thelargestlakeintheBritishIsles.Climate:temperate,withwarmsummers,coolwintersandplentifulprecipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛Threemajorfeatures:winterfog,rainyday,instability冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---BuckinghamPalace（白金汉宫）,Guildhall(市政厅),St.Paul’sCathedral（圣保罗大教堂）,TheTowerBridgeofLondon（伦敦塔桥）ThemajorityofthepopulationisdescendantsoftheAnglo-Saxons,aGermanicpeoplefromEurope.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人MostpeopleinWalesandScotlandaredescendantsoftheCelticpeople,includingtheIrishpeople威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages.EnglishisintheGermanicgroup.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanicgroup:EastGermanic,NorthGermanic,WestGermanic.EnglishevolvedfromtheWestGermanicgroup.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。英语从西日耳曼语中发展。1、OldEnglish:wasinfluencedbyOldNorsespokenbytheVikingsandwasrelatedtotheGermanandDutchlanguages.受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语密切相关.wasendedwiththeNormanConquest,whenthelanguagewasinfluencebytheFrench-speakingNormans.古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服2、MiddleEnglish:WilliamtheConquerorinvadedandconqueredandtheAnglo-Saxons(NumerousFrenchwordscameintotheEnglishvocabulary)征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁-撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）3、ModernEnglish(15century):WilliamCaxtonbroughtstandardizationtoEnglish,andspellingandgrammarbecamefixed.Thefirstdictionarypublishedin1604.SamuelJohnson:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagewasinfluentialinastandardformofspelling.卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语，并成为固定的拼写和语法。第一本字典发表于1604。约翰逊塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEngland.Itisalsocalled“theQueen’sEnglish”or“BBCEnglish”.Athirdofworld’spopulationuseEnglish.标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。它也被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英语”。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。Chapter2History1.有记录的历史起始于55BC,JuliusCaesar（凯撒大帝）andhisRomantroopsinvadedtheisland.410年,Germanic（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治2.Celtic→SpainandFrance凯尔特人→西班牙和法国Anglo-Saxon→GermanicTribes盎格鲁-撒克逊→日耳曼部落3.NormanConquest（诺曼征服）ofEnglandmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalism（封建制度）4.HenryII建立ruleoftheHouseofAnjou(安茹王朝)inEngland,亦称为theHouseofPlantagenet(金雀花王朝).Heimprovedthecourtsofjustice,introducethejurysystemandinstitutionalizedcommonlaw.他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。5.TheMagnaCa(大宪章）：英国宪政的基础thefoundationoftheBritishconstitutionalism6.HenryIIIwageswars.Theoutragednobles,ledbySimondeMontfort,draftedtheProvisionofOxford(牛津条约)tolimittheKing’spowerbycallingregular...
