转型经济中的研发和企业绩效[文献翻译]VIP免费

原文：R&DandFirmPerformanceinaTransitionEconomyINTRODUCTIONAccordingtointernationalcomparativestatisticstheEasternEuropeancountriesshowmuchlessinnovativeactivitythane.g.theEUaverageThismightbegoodorbad.IfthefirmsarenotcapableenoughtohandleR&Dprocessesitisgoodthattheyrecognizethis.Duringacountry’stransformationprocesstoamarketeconomy,adoptionofestablishedprocessesandproductsinconnectionwithproductvariationandcompetitiveproductionpossibilitiesareanattractivealternativetoinnovation.HowevermostobserversaskformoreR&Dinthesecountriesandforpolicieseasinginnovationinordertoincreasegrowth.Thosepolicyinterventionsarenotonlysubjectoftheoreticaldiscussions.SubsidiesgrantedbytheEuropeanCommissioninmembercountries,likethesixthframeworkprogram,arealsorelevantfortheaccessioncountriesoftheEuropeanUnion.PerhapsR&Dsubsidiesarepartlywastedifgrantedinanearlystageofthetransformationprocessandcouldbeusedinamoreproductiveway.ItmightbethecasethatinsteadofconductingresearchanddevelopmentfirmsintheseareasarebetteroffbytheproductionofestablishedproductsatlowercoststhanintheWesterncountries.Answerstothesequestionswouldsurelybehelpfulforthepolicydesignfortransformationprocesses.ThepurposeofourarticleistocomparethesuccessofinnovativeactivityinEasternandWesternGermanyinordertoinvestigatewhethertherearedifferenceswithrespecttoR&DperformancebetweenthetwopartsofreunifiedGermany.EasternGermanyisaveryspecialexampleofatransitioneconomy.ThemovementfromtheformerGermanDemocraticRepublictostatesoftheGermanFederalRepublicwasaccompaniedbytheintroductionofawellestablishedcurrency,astableandreliablelegalframeworkandahighlydevelopedsystemofindustrialrelations.AlthoughdifferencesbetweenbothpartsofthereunifiedGermanyaroseinthemeantime,thesearecertainlysmallerthanthosewithrespecttoothertransitioneconomics.Hencethisistheunparalleledopportunitytocompareanestablishedmarketeconomywithatransitioneconomyonthebasisofverysimilarenvironmentalconditions.Hence,theceterisparibusconditionapplies.R&DconductedbyEast-Germanfirmsisheavilysubsidizedasthepolicydecisionmakersregarditasbeingveryimportantthatthecompetitivenessofthesecompaniesisimprovedbytechnologicalleadership.Itremainstobeshownthatthesesubsidiesarenotwasted.WeintendtoanswerthisquestionbycomparingtheperformanceofEasternandWesternGermanenterprises.InnovationinatransitioneconomylikeEasternGermanymightsufferfromlackingexperiencewithboththecurrenttechnologicalfrontierandmechanismsatplaceinamarketeconomy.Forexample,outdatedhumancapitalmayoftenleadtoduplicateresearch(byaccident),orfirmscouldrelyonlyonimitation(onpurpose).Incombinationwithhighdemanduncertaintyandlackingexperienceinmarketingstrategy,investmentsinR&Dmaynotleadto(expected)returns.Reasonablereturnscouldbenecessarytosurviveforstartupfirms,though.Thepurposeofthispaperhastwodimensions:Ononehand,wecompareWesternandEasternGermanmanufacturingfirmsbyrelatingacreditratingindexasmeasureofperformancetoR&Dspendingandotherfirmcharacteristics.Ontheotherhand,weextendtheratingmodelbyasecondequationdealingwithfinancialdistressandbankruptcy.ThisisparticularlyinterestingbecauseEasternGermanmanufacturingispredominantlycomposedofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesthatwerenewlyfoundedaftertheGermanreunificationin1990.WeaskthequestionwhetherinvestmentinR&DisvaluedasinWesternGermany,orifagenciesratesuchfirmsmoreconservative,becauseyoungfirmsla...