江苏省泰兴市黄桥中学分校高三英语阅读训练(精选06各省市模拟题C、D、E三篇)一AmericanThomasSchellingandIsraeli-AmericanRobertAumannwillsharethe2005NobelPrizeineconomics.Bothmenhavegreatlyinfluencedthewayconflictandbusinessnegotiationsarecarriedout.Thetwomenarebeinghonoredfortheirworkindevelopinganeconomicidea.Itiscalledgametheory.Gametheorybeganasthestudyofdecision-makingincompetitivesituations,likegames.JohnvonNeumannandOskarMorgensternlinkedthetheoryofgameswitheconomicactivitiesmorethansixtyyearsago.Inthenineteenfifties,JohnNashdevelopedanideaknownastheNashequilibrium(平衡).TheNashequilibriumisthepointwhereallsidesinacompetitivesituationbelievetheyhavebeengiventhebestoffertheywilleverget.Heprovedthiswithmathematicalmethods.Mr.NashwontheNobelPrizeineconomicswithtwoothermenin1994.Mr.Schellingusedtheideasofgametheorytostudyreal-lifeproblems,suchasthearmscompetitionbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionfortyyearsago.Hewasinterestedinwhatinfluencednegotiatinggroups.Heshowedhowonesidemightdecidetoharmitsinterestsforashortperiodoftimetomakegainsoveralongerperiod.Mr.Schellingalsousedgametheorytoshowhowpeoplebecomedividedbyrace.Hefoundthatdividedsocietiescanresultevenamongpersonsmostlywillingtolivenearpeopleofanotherrace.Mr.Aumanndevelopedgametheorymathematicallysothatitcanbeusefulfordifferentareasofstudy.Heshowedthatpeacefulcooperationcanprovidegoodresultsforallcompetitorsinagameoveralongperiod.Thisistrueevenamongcompetitorswithatemporaryconflictofinterest.Mr.Aumannalsoconsideredhowreasonabledecisionsaremadeamonggroups.Heshowedthatknowingwhatcompetitorsknowisimportanttodecision-making.Theworkofbothmenhasinfluencedareasofstudyotherthaneconomics.Internationalnegotiators,militaryplanners,businessleadersandbiologistsusemethodsdevelopedbyMr.SchellingandMr.Aumann.Mr.Schelling,anAmerican,isaretiredprofessoroftheUniversityofMaryland.Mr.AumannisacitizenofboththeUnitedStatesandIsrael.HeisaretiredprofessoroftheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem.1.Mr.SchellingandMr.Aumannsharethe2005NobelPrizeineconomicsfor.A.developing“gametheory”B.developingtheNashequilibriumC.proving“gametheory”D.beginningthestudyof“gametheory”2.Theunderlinedphrase“makegains”inthesixthparagraphprobablyrefersto.A.sufferlossB.improvehealthC.makemoneyD.makeaprofit3.AccordingtoMr.Aumann,whenwewanttoreachareasonabledecisionamonggroups,we.A.don’thavetobeinformedwhatourcompetitorsthinkB.musthaveagoodunderstandingofwhatourcompetitorsknowC.needonlythinkabouthowwecanmakethemostofourowninterestsD.needn’tpeacefullycooperatewithourcompetitorstomakeaprofit4.Wecaninferfromthetextthat.A.Mr.Aumannused“gametheory”tostudythearmscompetitionbetweentheUSandtheSovietUnion.B.Mr.SchellingandMr.AumannonlyexplainedthegametheorymathematicallyC.mostofthepeoplearewillingtoliveneartheirowncompetitorsaccordingtoMr.SchellingD.thegametheorydevelopedbybothmenisveryvaluabletomorethaneconomics二Likemanyofmygeneration,Ihaveaweaknessforheroworship.Atsomepoint,however,weallbegintoquestionourheroesandourneedforthem.Thisleadsustoask:Whatisahero?Despiteimmensedifferencesincultures,heroesaroundtheworldgenerallyshareanumberofcharacteristicsthatinstructandinspirepeople.Aherodoessomethingworthtalkingabout.Aherohasastoryofadventuretotellandacommunitywhowilllisten.Butaherogoesbeyondmerefame.Heroesservepowersorprincipleslargerthanthemselves.Likehighvoltagetransform...
