第一章 为什么基因克隆和 DNA 分析很重要 genetic engineering: is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic denes into the organism of interest. 1. How to Create a Genetically Modified Plant? Ans: ①Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene. ②Allow the bacteria to “infect” the plant cells. ③Desired gene is interested into plant chromosomes. 2. Why gene cloning and PCR are so impartant? Ans: because both techniques can provide a pure sample of an individual gene, separated from all the other genes in the cell. 第二章 基因克隆的载体：质粒和噬菌体 1.Please list essential parts of a cloning vetor . (1) Self-replication: ori site. (2)Plasmid size: as small as possible. (3) Insert site: MCS (Multi-cloning site ). (4)Selectable marker. (5)Not affect host cell. 2.Classification of plasmid. 1）Based on the main characteristic coded by the plasmid gene. ① Fertility or F plasmids ② Resistance or R plasmids ③ Col plasmid ④ Degradative plasmids ⑤ virulence plasmids 2）depend on whether they carry the tra genes: ① conjugative plasmids ② non-conjugative plasmids. 3）based on the copies they carrying : relaxed plasmids；stringent plasmids Words： 1. Plasmid：A usually circular piece of DNA, primarily independent of the host chromosome, often found in bacteria and some other types of cells. 2. cccDNA：(covalently closed-circular DNA): A completely double-standed circular DNA molecule, with no nicks or disconuities, usually with a supercoiled conformation. 3. ori（origin of replication: The specific position on a DNA molecule where DNA replication begins. 4. episome: A plasmid capable of integration into the host cell's chromoso...
