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GenometransplantationGenometransplantationinbacteria:changingoneinbacteria:changingonespeciestoanotherspeciestoanother天然完整基因组种间转移天然完整基因组种间转移::AsasteptowardAsasteptowardpropagationofsyntheticpropagationofsyntheticgenomes,wecompletelyreplacedgenomes,wecompletelyreplacedthegenomeofabacterialcellthegenomeofabacterialcellwithonefromanotherspeciesbywithonefromanotherspeciesbytransplantingawholegenomeastransplantingawholegenomeasnakedDNA.IntactgenomicDNAnakedDNA.IntactgenomicDNAfromfromMycoplasmamycoidesMycoplasmamycoides（（蕈状蕈状支原体支原体））largecolony(LC),largecolony(LC),virtuallyfreeofprotein,wasvirtuallyfreeofprotein,wastransplantedintotransplantedintoMycoplasmaMycoplasmacapricolumcapricolum（（山羊支原体）山羊支原体）cellsbycellsbypolyethyleneglycol(PEG)-polyethyleneglycol(PEG)-mediatedtransformation.Cellsmediatedtransformation.Cellsselectedfortetracyclineselectedfortetracyclineresistance,carriedbytheresistance,carriedbytheM.M.mycoidesmycoidesLCchromosome,LCchromosome,containthecompletedonorcontainthecompletedonorgenomeandarefreeofdetectablegenomeandarefreeofdetectablerecipientgenomicsequences.recipientgenomicsequences.ThesecellsthatresultfromThesecellsthatresultfromgenometransplantationaregenometransplantationarephenotypicallyidenticaltotheM.phenotypicallyidenticaltotheM.mycoidesLCdonormycoidesLCdonorstrainasstrainasjudgedbyseveralcriteria.judgedbyseveralcriteria.---Science.2007Aug3;---Science.2007Aug3;317:632-8317:632-8合成基因组合成基因组---Science---Science论文论文ScienceScience2July2010:Vol.329.no.5987,pp.52-562July2010:Vol.329.no.5987,pp.52-56CreationofaBacterialCellControlledbyaCreationofaBacterialCellControlledbyaChemicallySynthesizedGenomeChemicallySynthesizedGenomeDanielG.Gibson,1JohnI.GlassDanielG.Gibson,1JohnI.GlassetaletalWereportthedesign,synthesis,andassemblyoftheWereportthedesign,synthesis,andassemblyofthe1.08–mega–basepair1.08–mega–basepairMycoplasmamycoidesMycoplasmamycoidesJCVI-JCVI-syn1.0genomestartingfromdigitizedgenomesyn1.0genomestartingfromdigitizedgenomesequenceinformationanditstransplantationintoasequenceinformationanditstransplantationintoaM.M.capricolumcapricolumrecipientcelltocreatenewrecipientcelltocreatenewM.mycoidesM.mycoidescellsthatarecontrolledonlybythesyntheticcellsthatarecontrolledonlybythesyntheticchromosome.TheonlyDNAinthecellsisthedesignedchromosome.TheonlyDNAinthecellsisthedesignedsyntheticDNAsequence,including"watermark"syntheticDNAsequence,including"watermark"sequencesandotherdesignedgenedeletionsandsequencesandotherdesignedgenedeletionsandpolymorphisms,andmutationsacquiredduringthepolymorphisms,andmutationsacquiredduringthebuildingprocess.Thenewcellshaveexpectedbuildingprocess.Thenewcellshaveexpectedphenotypicpropertiesandarecapableofcontinuousphenotypicpropertiesandarecapableofcontinuousself-replication.self-replication.合成合成生命生命的基的基本操本操作程作程序序酵母酵母中克中克隆细隆细菌全菌全基因基因组策组策略略NucleicAcidsResearch,2010,Vol.38,No.8酵母中克隆支原体全基因组酵母中克隆支原体全基因组NucleicAcidsResearch,2010,Vol.38,No.8合合成成生生命命的的关关键键步步骤骤根据解读的蕈状支原体（根据解读的蕈状支原体（M.mycoidesM.mycoides）基因组）基因组DNADNA顺序，文特尔团队设顺序，文特尔团队设计了计了10781078个个DNADNA卡盒（卡盒（cassettecassette））,,每个每个DNADNA卡盒长卡盒长1080bp1080bp，其末，其...