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AnimalAnatomyLeiZhihaiCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,NAULocomotorSystemLocomotorsystemLocomotorsystemincludesbones,jointsandmuscles.Bonesarelinkedbyjointstoformtheskeleton.Theskeletonnotonlyprovidestheframeworkforthebody,butalsocarriesoutthefunctionofmotion,supportandprotection.Duringthemovement,theboneactsasalever,thejointsasaaxis,andthemusclesasmotivepower.1Osteology1skeletalsystem1GeneraldescriptionOsteology（（（（骨学骨学骨学骨学））））isthestudyofbonethatcombinetoformtheskeletonofdiverseanimalspecies.Eachlivingboneisanorgan.Ithaspropershapeandcarriesoutcertainfunctions.Itisahardandresilient（（（（有有有有弹性的弹性的弹性的弹性的））））organ,andisabundantinbloodandnervesupply.Itpossessestheabilityofreconstruction,repairingandregeneration.Bonescanbeaffectedbygenetic,externalandinternalenvironmentalfactors.FunctionofboneThemajorfunctionsoftheskeletonare:SupprotprotectionMetabolismstorecalciumandphosphatebuildingbloodcomponents2shapeandclassificationofbonesAccordingtoboneshape,fourkindsofbonesareclassified:Longbone长骨长骨长骨长骨Shortbone短骨短骨短骨短骨Flatbone扁骨扁骨扁骨扁骨Irregularbone不规则骨不规则骨不规则骨不规则骨ClassificationofboneLongbone长骨长骨长骨长骨Proximalepiphysis（（（（骺骺骺骺））））Shaftordiaphysis（（（（骨干骨干骨干骨干））））MedullarycavityDistalepiphysisEpiphysealcartilageMetaphyses干骺端干骺端干骺端干骺端Epiphysealline骺线骺线骺线骺线2.1longbone2.2shortboneShortbone短骨短骨短骨短骨:incuboidshapedistributeinthemunusandthepedesFlatbone扁骨扁骨扁骨扁骨:suchasrib,sternum,scapulae,etc.Irregularbone不规则骨不规则骨不规则骨不规则骨:variesinshape,suchasthecranialbones,thevertebrae,andthehipbonePneumaticbones含气骨含气骨含气骨含气骨：：：：maxillaeSesamoidbone籽骨籽骨籽骨籽骨Bonesoftheorgans:inpenis3structureofbone3StructureofbonesPeriosteum骨膜骨膜骨膜骨膜Endosteum骨内膜骨内膜骨内膜骨内膜Bonysubstance骨质骨质骨质骨质compactbone骨密质骨密质骨密质骨密质spongybone骨松质骨松质骨松质骨松质trabecullae骨小梁骨小梁骨小梁骨小梁Bonemarrow骨髓骨髓骨髓骨髓redbonemarrowyellowbonemarrowBloodandnerve4chem.comp&phys.Prop.4ChemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofbonesLivingbonesareplastictissueswithorganicandinorganiccomponents.Organicmeterialiscollagenandinorganiconeismineralsalts(calciumphosphate).Boneshaveanorganicframeworkoffibroustissueandcells,amongwhichinorganicsaltsaredeposited.50%water;1/3organicand2/3inorganicmeterialsOrganicmaterial:resilienceandtoughness弹性和韧性弹性和韧性弹性和韧性弹性和韧性Inorganicmaterial:hardnessandrigidity坚硬挺实坚硬挺实坚硬挺实坚硬挺实Buringabonewithfiretheorganicmaterialisremoved.submergingaboneinamineralacidthesaltsareremoved.5developmentofbonesThephysicalpropertiesofthebonesdependonthechemicalcomponentswhichchangewithage.Ininfants,theorganiccomponentsaremorethanthoseinadult,therefore,theirbonesaresofterandeasytobedeformed.Inoldanimals,theinorganicmaterialsaremore,whichresultsintheagedbonesrittleandfractureeasily.5DevelopmentofbonesBonesdevelopsfrommesoderm.（（（（中胚层中胚层中胚层中胚层））））Intramembranousossification膜化骨膜化骨膜化骨膜化骨Intracartilaginousossification软骨化骨软骨化骨软骨化骨软骨化骨6divisionofbones6DivisionofbonesBonesinadultcattleare213-215innumber.Accordingtotheirposition,bonesaredividedintothreetypes:theaxialbones(bonesoftheskullandtrunk)bonesofthelimbsbonesoforgans7vertebralcolumn7Vertebralco...