ChapterFiveLearningTheories第五章学习理论SectionBBehaviorismB部分行为主义WhatisBehaviorism?什么是行为主义？Givemeadozenhealthyinfants,well-formed,andmyownspecifiedworldtobringthemupinandI'llguaranteetotakeanyoneatrandomandtrainhimtobecomeanytypeofspecialistImightselect--doctor,lawyer,artist,merchant-chiefand,yes,evenbeggar-manandthief,regardlessofhistalents,penchants,tendencies,abilities,vocations,andraceofhisancestors.给我一打健康、外形完好的婴儿，把他们放在我设计的特殊的环境里培养，我敢保证，随便挑出一个来，我就能把他训练成为我所选择的任何一类专家---医生、律师、艺术家、商业首领，甚至是乞丐或小偷，而无论他的才能、爱好、倾向、能力或他的先辈的职业和种族是什么。Behavioralpsychology,alsoknownasbehaviorism,isatheoryoflearningbasedupontheideathatallbehaviorsareacquiredthroughconditioning.Conditioningoccursthroughinteractionwiththeenvironment.Accordingtobehaviorism,behaviorcanbestudiedinasystematicandobservablemannerwithnoconsiderationofinternalmentalstates.行为心理学，也称为行为主义，是一种基于所有的行为都是通过条件刺激而产生的学习理论。条件刺激就是重现与环境的相互作用。根据行为主义的观点，可以通过系统方法和观察的方式来研究人的行为，而不用考虑人的内部心理状态。TheRiseofBehaviorismPsychologychangeddramaticallyduringtheearly20th-centuryasanotherschoolofthoughtknownasbehaviorismrosetodominance.Behaviorismwasamajorchangefromprevioustheoreticalperspectives,rejectingtheemphasisonboththeconsciousandunconsciousmind.Instead,behaviorismstrovetomakepsychologyamorescientificdisciplinebyfocusingpurelyonobservablebehavior.20世纪初，心理学发展成为一个学派被认为是行为主义的崛起。忽略有意识和无意识的想法是行为主义与之前的理论思想的一个重大改变。相反，行为主义完全通过专注于可视的行为来使得心理学变成更科学的学科。Behaviorismhadit'searlieststartwiththeworkofaRussianphysiologistnamedIvanPavlov.Pavlov'sresearchonthedigestivesystemsofdogsledtohisdiscoveryoftheclassicalconditioningprocess,whichdemonstratedthatbehaviorscouldbelearnedviaconditionedassociations.Pavlovdemonstratedthatthislearningprocesscouldbeusedtomakeanassociationbetweenenvironmentalstimulusandanaturallyoccurringstimulus.最早从事于行为主义研究工作的是俄罗斯的生理学家巴甫洛夫。他的关于狗的消化系统的研究也导致了经典性条件反射过程的发现，这个发现证明了行为都能通过关联的条件刺激来学习。巴甫洛夫还证明了这个学习过程可以用于创造环境刺激与本能刺激间的相关联。AnAmericanpsychologistnamedJohnB.Watsonsoonbecameoneofthestrongestadvocatesofbehaviorism.Initiallyoutliningthebasicsprinciplesofthisnewschoolofthoughtinhis1913paperPsychologyastheBehavioristViewsIt,WatsonlaterwentontoofferadefinitioninhisclassicbookBehaviorism(1924),writing:“Behaviorism...holdsthatthesubjectmatterofhumanpsychologyisthebehaviorofthehumanbeing.Behaviorismclaimsthatconsciousnessisneitheradefinitenorausableconcept.Thebehaviorist,whohasbeentrainedalwaysasanexperimentalist,holds,further,thatbeliefintheexistenceofconsciousnessgoesbacktotheancientdaysofsuperstitionandmagic.”Theimpactofbehaviorismwasenormous,andthisschoolofthoughtcontinuedtodominateforthenext50years.PsychologistB.F.Skinnerfurtheredthebehavioristperspectivewithhisconceptofoperantconditioning,whichdemonstratedtheeffectofpunishmentandreinforcementonbehavior.一位名叫约翰沃森的美国心理学家很快就成为了行为主义的拥护者之一。1913年，在他的论文《从行为主义者的视角看心理学》中概括了这个新学派的基本框架与原则。之后与1924...
