第一章 介绍 Applied linguistics 运用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics. Descriptive 描述性的：if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive. Prescriptive 规定性的：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what the should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Synchronic 共时的：the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. synchronic study 共时研究: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is a synchronic study. Diachronic 历时的：the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. Diachronic study 历时研究: The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study. Langue 语言：refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is abstract. Parole 言语：refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Parole is concrete. Competence：(N. Chomsky) defines as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance：defines as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Design features? Design features refer...
