BasicFirstAidAccidentshappenanywhereandanytime.Thefirstresponsetoanaccidentisthemostimportant.Oftentimes,firstaidgivenatthescenecanimprovethevictim’schancesofsurvivalandagoodrecovery.Therightresponseisbetterthananincorrectquickone.Anyresponse,evenifitiswrong,isbetterthannoneatall.UnconsciousVictimIfthevictimisunconscious,performrescuebreathing.(Rescuebreathingisexplainedlateroninthissection.)Ifthevictim’shearthasstoppedbeating,performresuscitation(CPR)ifyouhavebeenproperlytrainedtodoso.ShockShockusuallyaccompaniessevereinjuryoremotionalupset.Thesignsarecoldandclammyskin,paleface,chills,confusion,frequentnauseaorvomitingandshallowbreathing.Untilemergencyhelparrives,havethevictimliedownwiththelegselevated.Keepthevictimcoveredtopreventchillingorlossofbodyheat.Givenon-alcoholicfluidsifthevictimisabletoswallowandhasnotsustainedanabdominalinjury.BleedingUntilemergencyhelparrives,trytocontrolbleeding.Ifpossible,firstputonrubberorlatexglovesbeforetouchingblood.Ifthesearenotavailable,acleanplasticbagcanbeusedtocoveryourhands.Itisimportantnottocomeincontactwithbloodbecauseofthehealthrisks.Iffingerorhandpressureisinadequatetocontrolbleeding,placeathickpadofcleanclothorbandagedirectlyoverthewound,andholdinplacewithabelt,bandage,necktiesorclothstrips.Takecarenottostopthecirculationtotherestofthelimb.Forinjurieswhereatiecannotbeused,suchastothegroin,back,chest,headandneck,placeathickpadofcleanclothorbandagedirectlyoverthewoundandcontrolthebleedingwithfingerorhandpressure.Ifbonesarenotbroken,raisethebleedingparthigherthantherestofthebody.Iftheinjuryisextensive,thevictimmaygointoshockandshouldbetreatedforit.Asalastresort,atourniquetcanbeappliedtostopbleeding.Thereisariskofsacrificingalimbtosavealife.Atourniquetisawidebandofclothorothermaterialtightlyplacedjustabovethe用心爱心专心woundtostopallflowofblood.Atourniquetcrushesthetissueandcancausepermanentdamagetonervesandbloodvessels.Onceinplace,atourniquetmustbeleftthereuntilaphysicianremovesit.Thevictimmustbetakentomedicalhelpassoonaspossible.BurnsandScaldsUntilmedicalhelparrives,immersetheburnedareaimmediatelyintaporcoolwaterorapplyclean,cool,moisttowels.Donotuseicebecauseitmaycausefurtherdamagetotheburnedarea.Maintainthistreatmentuntilthepainorburningstops.Avoidbreakinganyblistersthatmayappear.Donotuseointments,greasesorpowders.Formoresevereburnsorchemicalburns,keepthevictimquietandtreatthemforshock.Removeanyclothing.Iftheclothingstickstotheburnedarea,leaveitthere.Forexposuretochemicals,flushtheskinwithplentyofwater,butonlycovertheexposedareawithacleanbandageifthechemicalhascausedaburn.Iftheburnvictimisconscious,canswallowanddoesnothaveseveremouthburns,giveplentyofwaterorothernon-alcoholicliquidstodrink.Getthevictimtoaphysicianorhospitalassoonaspossible.BrokenBonesForfracturedlimbs,takethefollowingprecautionsuntilemergencyhelparrives.Placetheinjuredpartinasnaturalapositionaspossiblewithoutcausingdiscomforttothepatient.Ifthepatientmustbemovedtoamedicalfacility,protecttheinjuredpartfromfurtherinjurybyapplyingsplintslongenoughtoextendwellbeyondthejointsaboveandbelowthefracture.Usefirmmaterial,suchasaboard,poleormetalrod,asasplint.Padthesplintswithclothingorothersoftmaterialtopreventskininjury.Fastensplintswithabandageorclothatthebreakandatpointsalongthesplintaboveandbelowthebreak.Useapressurebandagetocontrolanybleeding.Forveryseriousfra...
