WorldPoliticsandEconomy&InternationalRelationsProfessor:ChengZaoxia导论正确认识世界政治经济与国际关系的发展规律一、威斯特伐里亚体系二、维也纳体系三、凡尔赛-华盛顿体系的建立四、雅尔塔体系五、THEU.S.ROLEINTHEWORLD:INDISPENSABLELEADEROFHEGEMON?五、THEU.S.ROLEINTHEWORLD:INDISPENSABLELEADEROFHEGEMON?SummaryIntheearly1990s,manyfriendsandalliesoftheUnitedStatesworriedthattheUnitedStateswasturninginward.Inrecentyears,however,internationalconcernhasfocusedmoreonwhatisperceivedasunilateralistor"hegemonic"U.S.internationalbehavior.TheexpressionsofalarmfrommanyU.S.friendsandallieshavebeenechoedprominentlybylesssympatheticpowersandleaders.Somemajorpowers,includingRussiaandChina,haveovertimetriedtoreducewhattheyseeasexcessiveU.S.influenceonissuesaffectingtheirinterests.OnemajorU.S.ally,France,hastraditionallysoughttolimitU.S.influenceonitspolicies.PresidentClintonhasclaimedthattheUnitedStatesisthe"indispensablepower"intheinternationalsystembutwishestoshareleadershipburdensandresponsibilitieswithothers.However,someU.S.actionshaveprovidedammunitionforthosewhoclaimthattheUnitedStatesisactinglikeahegemonicpower.TheseargumentsandperceptionscouldincreasinglyunderminetheU.S.abilitytoachieveitsforeignpolicyobjectives.TheU.S.RoleintheWorldSincetheColdWarended,therehasbeenanongoingelitedebateabouttheroletheUnitedStatesshouldplayinaninternationalsystemthatisnolongerdominatedbythebi-polarconfrontationoftwoalliancesystemsledbytheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion.Thatdiscussionmaynothaveproducedanyclearconsensus,butadefinitionoftheU.S.roleperhapscanbeseenasemerginginU.S.foreignpolicychoices.PresidentGeorgeBush(1989-1993),wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheinitialyearsofadjustmenttoaworldindramatictransition,clearlybelievedthattheUnitedStateswasrequiredtoplayastronginternationalleadershiprole.SomeofhisadvisersapparentlythoughttheUnitedStatesshoulduseitspositionasthesolesuperpowertodiscouragechallengestothatposition,evenamongcurrentallies.PresidentBushnonethelessacceptedtheimportanceofbuildingconsensusintheUnitedNationsandconstructingcoalitionstodealwithinternationalchallenges(bothillustratedbyhisorchestrationoftheresponsetoIraq'sinvasionofKuwait).Hisstronginterestinforeignaffairsbecameapoliticalliabilityinthe1992elections,whenmanyAmericansapparentlythoughthisapproachwasnotsufficientlyresponsivetoU.S.domesticproblems.Inthefirstyearofhispresidency(1993),BillClintonandhisforeignpolicyadvisersexperimentedwithanumberofdifferentapproachestoU.S.foreignpolicy.PresidentClintonsoughttoconverthissuccessfulcampaignslogan,"It'stheeconomy,stupid,"intoapillarofU.S.foreignpolicy.Inpartasaconsequenceofthisphilosophy,someClintonAdministrationofficialsarguedthatAsia(ratherthanEurope)shouldbethecentralfocusofU.S.foreignpolicybecauseoftheopportunitiespresentedbygrowingAsianmarkets.Bytheendof1993,however,theAdministrationhadmovedtoapostureemphasizingcontinuingU.S.political,economic,andstrategicinterestsinAsiaandEurope.FormostofPresidentClinton'sfirstterm,manyobserverssawtheAdministrationasshiftingbetweenactiveinternationalismandforeignpolicyreticence.But,campaigningin1996forasecondterminoffice,PresidentClintonarguedthattheUnitedStateswastheworld's"indispensablepower,"suggestingthattheinternationalsystemrequiredtheactiveinvolvementoftheUnitedStatestofunctioneffectively.ClintonmaintainedthatsuchactivismwasintheU.S.interest.Throug...
