ModuleFourFineArts—Western,ChineseandPopArts第二部分教学资源PartTwo:TeachingResourcesSection2:BackgroundinformationaboutFineArts1.Calligraphy,theSoulofChineseFineArtsFewnationsintheworldhavecalligraphyasaformofart.InChina,calligraphyhasalonghistory,ispopularamongitspeople,andhasmaintainedacloserelationshipwithChineseculturaldevelopment.Calligraphylookssimple.ItseemsasifanyonethatcanwriteChinesecharactersonxuanpaper(ahighqualityricepapermadefortraditionalChinesepaintingandcalligraphy)withawritingbrushcanbecomeacalligrapher.Butthatperceptionisnottrue.Calligraphyisaformofartthatinvolvesagreatdealoftheoryandrequiresmanyskills;sotherearenotmanycalligraphersthathavereachedthehighestrealmofcalligraphy.Calligraphyisaconstructiveart.Thecalligraphercreateshisworkwithhishandlingoftheinkandthewritingbrush.Theblackstrokesandwhitespaceonthepapercreateasenseofbeauty.Forcalligraphers,thewritingbrushistheextensionoftheirfingers:therhythmandstrengthoftheirwritingsareallcontrolledbytheirmoods,andtheircalligraphyworksareexpressionsoftheirsensibilities.Calligraphyisanexpressiveart.Inaworkofcalligraphy,wecanseethecharacter,educationlevelandexperienceofthecalligrapher.Calligraphyisapracticalartform.Itcanbeusedtowriteinscriptionsonpaperorinscribewoodenplaquesorstonetablets.Itsmanyattributesshowusthatcalligraphyisacomprehensiveart,expressingthesubjectivefeelingofthewriters.CalligraphymanifeststhebasiccharacteristicsofallChinesearts.InWesternfinearts,architectureandsculpturearethebasisoftheotherformative,orvisual,arts.InChina,however,calligraphyandpaintingareleadersoftheotherartforms.Whencalligraphyandpaintingarementionedtogether,calligraphyalwayscomesbeforepainting,althoughcalligraphyiscloselyassociatedwithtraditionalChinesepainting.ThetheoriesabouthandlingbrushandinkaresimilarincalligraphywritingandtraditionalChinesepicturedrawing.AncientChinesesculpturewasalsoinfluencedbycalligraphyinthatitsdefiningcharacteristiclayinthecompositionoflines,anditsdecorativefunctionisderivedfromthezhuan(sealcharacters)andli(officialcharacters)scriptsinChinesecalligraphy.Chinesearchitectureadherestothecalligraphicrulesofsymmetryandbalance,andthedesignofChinesegardens,pavilionsandtemplesallreflectthestructuralrulesandrhythmsofcalligraphy.ThedevelopmentofChinesehandicraftsandfolkarts,too,hasbeeninfluencedbycalligraphytosomeextent.ThuswecanseethatcalligraphyisthesoulofChinesefinearts.2.HistoryofChinesepaintingChinesetraditionalpaintingdatesbacktotheNeolithicAgeabout6,000yearsago.Theexcavatedcoloredpotterywithpaintedhumanfaces,fish,deerandfrogsindicatesthattheChinesebeganpaintingasfarbackastheNeolithicAge.Overthecenturies,thegrowthofChinesepaintinginevitablyreflectedthechangeoftimeandsocialconditions.AccordingtoChinesetradition,paintingisadelineatingformofbrushlines.Ingreatpaintings,themarkofthebrushstrokeremainsinvisible,whilethestructuringactionofthestrokesgoeson.ChinesepaintingisanimportantpartofChineseCulture.Ithasalonghistory.ChinesepaintingoriginatedinthelateZhouDynasty,anddevelopedintheHanDynasty.InTangDynasty用心爱心专心116号编辑(618-906),thepaintinghasthefirstgoldenage.InSongDynasty(960-1279),therewasthefirstroyalpaintingacademy.Eventheemperor(Huizong)isalsoafamouspainter.Thebird-and-flowerpaintinghassincebeenapopulartheme.TheYuan(1279-1368),Ming(1368-1644),andQing(1644-1912)Dynasties:thepaintingwasdevelope...
