ModuleThreeMusicPartTwo:TeachingResources第二部分教学资源Section2:BackgroundinformationaboutSeniorSchool1.SomereferenceaboutthethreeAustrianmusiciansBeethoven'smusicmayhavesometimesbeenmisunderstoodinhislifetimebutitwasneverneglected.However,hispersonaleccentricitiesandunpredictabilityweretogrow,principallybecauseofhisdiscoveryin1798thathewasgoingdeaf.Itwasnotuntil1819thatconversationwithhimwaspossibleonlybywritinginanotebook,butintheintervening20yearshisaffliction,thoughitvariedinintensity,steadilyworsened.Perhapsthisisalsowhyhenevermarried,thoughhelovedseveralwomen,andoneinparticular,thestillunidentified‘ImmortalBeloved’(MaynardSolomon,inhisBeethoven,1977,givesconvincingbutnotincontrovertiblereasonsforbelievingthatshewasAntonieBrentano,wifeofaFrankfurtmerchant.Shelivedfrom1780to1869.BeethovendedicatedtheDiabelliVariationstoher.)AnindicationoftheesteeminwhichBeethovenwasheldisthatin1815Viennaconferreditshonoraryfreedomonhim.Whenhedied,hisfuneralatWähringwasanat.occasion.HisgraveisnowintheCentralFriedhof,Vienna.Beethoven'ssignificanceinthehistoryanddevelopmentofmusic.isimmense.Heemancipatedanddemocratizedtheart,composingoutofspiritualinnernecessityratherthanasproviderofvirtuosodisplaymaterial.Hewasnotaquickorfacileworker—hissketchbooksshowhowhelaboriouslydevelopedanideafromsometimesbanalbeginningstothefinalversion.Hismasteryofstructureandofkeyrelationshipswasthebasisonwhichheworkedarevolutioninthehandlingofsonata-form.ItistoBeethoventhatweowethefullemergenceofthesymphonyasarepositoryforacomposer'smostimportantideas.Heexpandedthecodafromaformalconclusiontoaclimacticsplendor;hetransformedtheminuetintothetempestuous,exultantscherzo;hewasthefirsttouse‘motto-themes’asaconsistentformaldevice.Inhisslowmovements,music.expressedamysticalexaltationwhichevenMozarthadneverapproached.Inthestr.qt.andthepf.sonataalso,Beethovenextendedthemediumtoavastlyincreasedtechnicalandexpressivedegree(thoughinthecaseofthepf.Itwasnotuntilhislastsonatasthathistechnicaluseoftheinstrumentwentbeyondthatofhispredecessors).Itisprobablytruetosaythattodayhismusic.isthemostfrequentlyperformedofanycomposer's.InmanywaysFranzJosephHaydn,thequintessentialcomposer用心爱心专心oftheperiodofeighteenthcenturyEnlightenment,isthefatherofmodernmusic.Theformsthathebroughttotheirfirstperfectionareatthecenterofallensuingmusicalthought:thesymphony,stringquartet,andpianosonata.Haydnwaswarmlyknownas"Papa"byhisorchestraattheEsterhazyCourtwhereheworkedforagooddealofhislife,buthehasbecomeknownasPapaHaydntousall.Attheageofeight,HaydnwasrecruitedintothechoirofSt.Stephen'sCathedralinViennawhereheexcelleduntil1749whenhisboysopranovoicebrokeandhewasexpelled.Until1758,helivedanimpoverishedfreelancelife,meanwhilestudyingthemusicofC.P.E.Bachandtakingafewcompositionlessons.Byhisownadmission,foreightyearsHaydnwhowas"awizardonnoinstrument...ekedoutawretchedexistence."Slowly,though,hisreputationgrew,andin1758hebecamethemusicdirectorandcomposerforCountvonMorzin.TwoyearslaterhemarriedMariaAnnaKeller,thedaughterofahairdresser.Thiswasamistake.Shedidnotlikemusic,wasaspendthrift,illtemperedandbasicallyashrew.Haydnlaterrationalizedhisextramaritalaffairstellinghisfirstbiographer,"Mywifewasunabletobearchildren,andforthisreasonIwaslessindifferenttowardtheattractionofotherwomen."Haydnwasconfidentlyawareofhisincreasingstatureinthegreaterworld.In...
