Englishnursingcoursewarefordiagnosisandtreatmentofdiabetes•Overviewofdiamonds•Diagnosisofdiamonds•Treatmentofdiamonds•Nursingofdiamonds目录•EducationandmanagementofpatientswithdiabetesDefinitionofdiamondsDiabetesisachronicmetabolicdiseasecharacterizedbyhyperglycemiaresultingfromdefectsininsulinsecretion,insulinaction,orbothItiscausedbygeneticandenvironmentalfactorsandisassociatedwithlongtermdamagetovariousorganisms,specificallytheeyes,children,nerves,andcardiovascularsystemClassificationandsymbolsofdiamondsType1diabetesCausedbyautoimmuneconstructionofpancreaticbetacells,leadingtoabsoluteinsulindeficiencySymptomsincludepolyuria,polydipsia,andweightlossType2diabetesCausedbyinsulinresistanceandrelatedinsulindeficiencySymptomsincludefatigue,polyuria,polydipsia,andweightlossGestationaldiamondsDevelopmentsduringpreparednessandcommonlyresolveafterdeliverySymptomsincludepolyuria,polydipsia,andweightgainEpiologyofdiamondsDiabetesisaglobalepisodeaffectingmorethan400millionpeopleworldwideThevalidityofdiamondsisincreasinginbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesduetoagingpopulation,urbanization,andlifestylechangessuchasphysicalinactivationandunhealthdiesTheeconomicborderofdiamondsissignificant,withhealthcarecostsaccountingforasignificantpromotionofnationalbudgetsDiagnosticcriteria01020304OralglucoseSymptomsofdiabetesMellitusandrandombloodglucose≥11.1mmol/Ltolerancetest(OGTT)2hourspostFastingbloodglucoseRandomblood≥7.0mmol/Lglucose≥11.1mmol/Lchallenge≥11.1mmol/LDiagnosticmethodsandsteps•Oralglucosetolerancetest(OGTT):afteranovernightfast,patientsconsulta75ganhydrousglucosesolution,andbloodglucoselevelsaremeasuredfastand2hourspostchallenge•Fastingbloodglucose(FBG)test:patientsfastovernightandbloodglucoselevelsaremeasuredinthemorningbeforebreakfast•Randombloodglucosetest:Bloodglucoselevelsaremeasuredatanytimeofthedaywhensymptomsarepresent•Selfmonitoringofbloodglucose(SMBG):patientsmeasuretheirownbloodglucoselevelsatregularintervalsthroughoutthedayusingbloodglucosemetersPrecautionsduringdiagnosisFastingbloodglucosetestpatientsshouldfastovernight(atleast8hours)beforethetestOralglucosetolerancetest(OGTT)patientsshouldavoidstrictexerciseandlimittheintakeofalcoholandcaffeinebeforethetestRandombloodglucosetestThetestshouldbeperformedwhensymptomsarepresentSelfmonitoringofbloodglucose(SMBG)patientsshouldfollowthemanufacturer'sinstructionsforbloodglucosemeterstoensureaccurateresultsDrugtherapyInsulintherapyForpatientswithtype1diabetes,insulininjectionisessentialtocontrolbloodglucoselevelsInsulintypesincluderapidacting,shortacting,andlongacting,whichshouldbeusedaccordingtoindividualneedsOralhydroglycemicagentsForpatientswithtype2diabetes,oralhydroglycemicagentscanhelplowerbloodglucoselevelsCommonlyuseddrugsincludesulfonylureas,biguanides,thiazolidinediones,DPP-4inhibitors,andSGLT2inhibitorsCombinationtherapyForpatientswithmultipleordiversetocontroldiamonds,combinationtherapywithmultiplehydrographicagentsorinsulincanbeusedtoachievebettercontrolofbloodglucoselevelsDietarytherapyControlcalciumintakeDiabeticpatientsshouldcontroltheircalciumintaketomaintainanormalweightandreducetheburnonthepancreasReducesugarandfatintakeDiabeticpatientsshouldavoidhighsugarandhighfatfoods,suchascandy,cake,butterandfriedfoodIncreasefiberintakeDiabeticpatientsshouldincreasetheirintakeoffiberrichfoods,suchasveg...
