Collectionofwastewater(废水的收集)The“Shambles”isastreetorareainmanymedievalEnglishcities(单词“Shambles”在中世纪的英国城市是指一条街或地区),likeLondonandYork(如伦敦和纽约).Duringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies(在18和19世纪),Shambleswerecommercializedareas(意指商业化地区),withmeatpackingasamajorindustry(是一个把屠宰和分割肉制品作为主业的地方).ThebutchersoftheShambleswouldthrowalloftheirwasteintothestreet(区域内的屠户会把所有的废弃物扔在街上),whereiswaswashedawaybyrainwaterintodrainageditches(这些废弃物在下雨时被冲入排水沟).TheconditionofthestreetwassobadthatitcontributeditsnametotheEnglishlanguageoriginallyasasynonymforbutcheryorabloodybattlefield(因为环境是如此的恶劣,它在英文中的原始含义就是屠场或血腥场地的同义词).Inoldcities(在老城里),drainageditcheslikethoseattheShambleswereconstructedforthesolepurposeofmovingstormwateroutofthecities(排水沟的唯一目的跟它们最初建在Shambles里一样,就是用于排放雨水).Infact,discardinghumanexcrementintotheseditcheswasillegalinLondon(实际上,把人类排泄物排入这些沟渠是非法的).Eventually,theditcheswerecoveredoverandbecamewhatwenowknowasstormsewers(最终,这些沟渠被遮盖起来,并且变成了我们现在所知道的雨水管道).Aswatersuppliesdevelopedandtheuseoftheindoorwaterclosetincreased(随着城市供水和室内厕所的发展),theneedfortransportingdomesticwastewater(排放家庭污水),calledsanitarywaste(即生活污水),becameobvious(变得显而易见).IntheUnitedStates(在美国),sanitarywasteswerefirstdischargedintothestormsewers(生活污水首先被排入雨水道),whichthencarriedbothsanitarywasteandstormwaterandwereknownascombinedsewers(它们既排放生活污水,也排放雨水,被称为合流制下水道).Eventuallyanewsystemofundergroundpipes(最终一种新的地下管道系统出现了),knownassanitarysewers(即生活污水排水管道),wasaconstructedforremovingthesanitarywastes(被建造用于专门输送排放生活污水).Citiesandpartsofcitiesbuiltinthetwentiethcenturyalmostallbuiltseparatesewersforsanitarywasteandstormwater(在20世纪所建设的城市或城市部分,基本上都建设了分流制排水系统分别排放生活污水和雨水).EstimationWastewaterQuantities(排水量计算)Domesticwastewater(sewage)comesfromvarioussourceswithinthehome(生活污水来自于家庭各处),includingthewashingmachine(如洗衣机),dishwasher,shower,sinks,andofcoursethetoilet(洗碗机、淋浴、水槽,当然也包括盥洗室).Thetoiletorwatercloset(WC)(盥洗室或水冲厕所),asitisstillknowninEurope(就像欧洲一样),hasbecomeastandardfixtureofmodernurbansociety(已经成为现代城镇生活的标准配备).Asimportantasthisinventionis(与这些发明同等重要的是),however,thereissomedisputeastoitsinventor(它的发明者是谁却存在争议).SomeauthorscreditJohnBramahwithitsinventionin1778(一些人相信JohnBramah发明于1778);othersrecognizeitasthebrainchildofSirJohnHarringtonin1596(另一些人却认可JohnHarrington在1596就有了思路).ThelatterargumentisstrengthenedbySirJohn’soriginaldescriptionofthedevice(后一种观点由于发现了John对于设备最初描述而得到强化),althoughthereisnorecordofhisdonationhisnametotheinvention(尽管有关发明的记录上没有他的名字).Thefirstrecordeduseofthateuphemismisfoundina1735regulationatHarvardUniversitythatdecreed(一个委婉的说法是根据哈佛大学1735条规则),“NoFreshmanshallgototheFellows’John.”(大学新生不会追随John小伙)Thetermsewageisusedheretomeanonlydomesticwastewater(此处的下水道意指生活污水排水管).Domesticwastewaterflowsvarywiththeseason(生活污水的...