Englishversionofnursingcoursewarefordiagnosisandtreatmentof目录•PreventionandhealthcareoflungcancerOverviewofLungCancerDefinitionandtypesoflungcancerDefinitionLungcancerisamalignanttumorthatoccursinthelungs,commonlycausedbytheabnormalgrowthoflungcellsTypesTherearetwomaintypesoflungcancer:non-smallcelllungcancer(NSCLC)andsmallcelllungcancer(SCLC)NSCLCisthemostcommontype,accountingforabout85%ofalllungcancerEpiologyoflungcancerIncidentLungcancerisoneofthemostcommoncancersintheworld,accountingforabout13%ofallcancersTheincidencerateishighestindevelopedcountriesandisincreasingindevelopingcountriesAgeandgenderdistributionThemajorityoflungcancercasesoccurredinindividualsovertheageof60,andthemaletofemaleratioisabout2:1EtiologyandriskfactorsoflungcancerSmokingSmokingistheleadingcauseoflungcancer,accountingforabout80%ofalllungcancercasesLongtermsmokingandheavysmokingincreasetheriskoflungcancerEnvironmentalfactorsExposuretoairpollution,radongas,asbestos,andotherenvironmentalfactorscanincreasetheriskoflungcancerGeneticfactorsIndividualswithafamilyhistoryoflungcancerareathigherriskofdevelopingthediseaseInaddition,geneticmutationssuchasEpidermalGrowthFactorReceiver(EGFR)mutationscanalsoincreasetheriskoflungcancerDiagnosisoflungcancerSymptomsandsignsoflungcancerCoughShortnessofBreathPersistentcough,oftenwithbloodtingedgrammarDifficultlybreaking,especiallywhenlyingdownorengaginginphysicalactivitiesChestpaintWeightlossSharporallpaintinthechestthatmayradiatetotheshoulder,backorupperabdomenUnexplainedweightloss,lossofappearanceandfatigueImagingexaminationoflungcancerChestX-rayMRILesscommonlyusedbutcanprovideadditionalinformationaboutthetutoranditsrelationshiptosurroundingstructuresAcommoninitialimagingtesttodetectmassesorotherabnormalitiesinthelungsCTscanAmoredetailedimagingtechniquethatcanidentifysmalllungnodulesandassesstheextentoftuberspreadHistologicaldiagnosisoflungcancerBiopsyAproceduretoremoveasmallpieceofissueformicroscopeicexaminationtoconfirmthepresenceofcancercellsCytologyExaminationofcellsobstructedthroughbronchoscopy,sputumorpurefluidtodetectcancercellsTreatmentoflungcancerSurgicaltherapyforlungcancerSurgicalrecoveryTheremovalofthetuberandsurroundingissuetopreventfurtherspreadThismayinvolvemorphology,pulmonary,orsegmental,dependingonthesizeandlocationofthetutorLasertherapyTheuseoflaserstodestroytumorcells,eitherthroughdirectcontactorbyheatingtheissueThistreatmentiscurrentlyreservedforsmalltutorsorasanadjustmenttosurgicalrecoveryCryosurgeryTheuseofextremecoldtofreeanddestroytumorcellsItistypicallyusedfortutorsthataredifficulttoaccessorwhenothertreatmentoptionsarenotfeasibleChemotherapyforlungcancerChemotherapeuticagentsDoseandscheduleSideeffectsDrugsthataredesignedtokilltubercellsbyinferencewiththeirgrowthorreplicationAgentsusedforlungcancertreatmentTheamountandfrequencyofchemotherapyadministrationisbasedonthetypeandstageoflungcancer,aswellasthepatient'soverallhealthstatusChemotherapyistypicallyadministeredintravenouslyororallyChemotherapycanhaveserioussideeffects,includingnasea,invoicing,fatigue,hairloss,anddamagetotheboneMarrowClosemonitoringandsupportareessentialduringtreatmentincludingcisplatin,carboplatin,paclitaxel,anddocetaxelRadiationtherapyforlungcancerRadiationtherapyuseshighenergyx-raysorotherformsofradiationtokilltumorcellsorpreventtheirgrowthItistypicallyusedincom...
