Module1 Life in the Future Background readings 外研版必修4

Module1 Life in the Future Background readingsPart Two Teaching ResourcesSection 1 Background readings 1.crime A crime can be the action of violating or breaking a law. According to Western jurisprudence, there must be a simultaneous concurrence of both guilty action and guilty mind for a crime to have been committed; except in crimes of strict liability. In order for prosecution, some laws require proof of causality, relating the defendant's actions to the criminal event in question. In addition, some laws require that attendant circumstances have occurred, in order for a crime to have occurred. Also, in order for a crime to be prosecuted, proof of a crime must be established. 2. bowlingBowling can refer to two distinctly different types of game. The first is played along an “alley”, most commonly made of synthetic material imitating a wood surface. Historically, bowling lanes were made of wood; however, most centers around the United States have upgraded to the synthetic playing surfaces. Several sports involve a ball rolling towards a target (in the case of bowling, pins); the players attempt to score points by knocking the targets down. 3. softball Softball is a team sport in which a ball, eleven to twelve inches in circumference, is thrown by a player called a pitcher and hit by an offensive player called a batter with a round, smooth stick called a bat. The ball itself is also called a softball. Scoring is accomplished by the batter running and touching a series of four markers on the ground called bases. Softball is a direct descendant of baseball, but differs from it in several ways. 4. spaceport A spaceport is a site for launching spacecraft, by analogy with airport for aircraft. Typically the site is large enough that should a rocket explode it will not endanger human lives or adjacent launch pads. 5. colony In politics and in history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a geographically-distant state (or city, in ancient times). Some colonies were historically separate countries, while others were territories without definite statehood at the moment of colonization. The metropolitan state is the state that owns the colony. In Ancient Greece, the city that owned a colony was called the metropolis within its political organization. Mother country is the term used to refer to the metropolitan state by its citizens that live in a colony. In some cases colonies are referred to as overseas territories. A colony differs from a puppet state or satellite state in that a colony has no independent international representation and the top-level administration of a colony is under direct control of the metropolitan state. 用心 爱心 专心 125 号编辑 1