Unit1GrammarandusageDirectspeechandindirectspeech:Whatare“directspeechandindirectspeech?Andwhendoweusethem?1.Weusedirectspeechtoreportwhatexactlyhasbeensaid.Ifwewritethespeechdown,thewordswillusuallyappearinquotationmarks.e.g.Tomsaid,“IhavepreviewedGrammarandusage.”↘Tom2.Weoftenuseindirectspeechtoreportthemeaningofwhathasbeensaidwithoutusingtheexactwords.e.g.TomsaidthathehadpreviewedGrammarandusage.Comparingtheexamples,wecanseethechangesin“personalpronouns&tenses”.Moreexamples:Shesaid,“I’musedtoads.”Shesaidthatusedtoads.shewasThetablebelowshowshowweusuallychangethetenseswhenthereportingverbisinthepasttense.DirectspeechReportedspeechDirectspeechReportedspeechSimplepresentPresentcontinuousSimplepastPresentperfectSimplepastPastcontinuousPastperfectDitto!SimplefutureFutureinthepastPastperfectPastperfectPresentperfectcontinuousPastperfectcontinuousTrueorfalse:“Lighttravelsasgreatspeed.”hesaid.→Hesaidthatlighttraveledatgreatspeed.Ftravelsatgreatspeed.Wedonotchangethetensewhenwereportafactthatdoesnotchangeovertime.Morepractice:1.Hesaid,“WeexchangegiftsatChristmas.”→Hesaid(that)theyexchangegiftsatChristmas.2.Hesaid,“Magnet(磁铁)attractsiron.”→Hesaidthatmagnetattractsiron.3.Theteachersaid,“Theearthcontainsalargenumberofmetalswhichareusefultoman.”→Theteachertoldusthattheearthcontainsalargenumberofmetalswhichareusefultoman.定语从句Howtochangethissentence?Tomsaid,“I’mworkingheretoday.”→Tomsaidhewasworkingtherethatday.Thefollowingtableshowsotherexamplesofsuchchanges:directspeechreportedspeechtoday→thatday/yesterday/onWednesday,etc.tomorrow→thenextday/thefollowingday/onThursday,etc.yesterday→thedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTuesday,etc.nextmonth→themonthafter/thefollowingmonth/inJuly,etc.lastyear→theyearbefore/thepreviousyearetc.aweekago→aweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.Inadditiontotheabovechanges,wehavethefollowing:directspeechthisreportedspeechthatthesethosecomegoReportedspeech:(1)statementsWeusenounclausesintroducedby“that”toreportstatements.e.g.1.Shesaid,“Advertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.→Shesaidthatadvertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.2.“PSAsareoftenplacedforfree,”thewritersaid.→ThewriterexplainedthatPSAsareoftenplacedforfree.Besides“tell,say”,thefollowingwordsarealsousedtoreportstatements:adviseagreeexplaininsistpromisewarnremindsuggestChangethissentenceintoindirectspeech:MaryaskedAnn,“Areyouthehappiestpersonintheworld?”→MaryaskedAnnthatshewasthehappiestpersonintheworld?Right?MaryaskedAnnwhethershewasthehappiestpersonintheworld.Is“if”OK?MaryaskedAnnwhether/ifshewasthehappiestpersonintheworld.★Weusenounclausesintroducedbywhether/iftoreportyes/no-questions.e.g.“Arealladsplayingtricksonus?”Iaskedher.→Iaskedherwhether/ifalladsareplayingtricksonus.Howtochangethisone?Iaskedher,“Howcanthatbetrue?”→Iaskedherwhether/ifthatcanbetrue.OK?Iaskedherhowthatcanbetrue.Morepractice:1.“Wheredidyoufindtheadvertisementsforjobsabroad?”Billasked.→BillaskedwhereIhadfoundtheadvertisementsforjobsabroad.2.“Whendidyougettheticketsfortheconcert?”IaskedWangHua.→IaskedWangHuawhenhehadgottheticketsfortheconcert.★Weusenounclausesintroducedbywh-wordstoreportwh-questions.Pleasetrytochangethisintoindirectspeech:Thewritersaid,“Thinkaboutwhyyoushoulddothethingstheadsuggests.”→Thewritertoldusthatwethoughtaboutwhyweshoulddothethingstheadsuggested.OK?Thewritertoldustothinkaboutwhyweshoulddothethingstheadsuggested.★Toreportimperativesentences,weusethestructure:reportingverb+obj.+(not)to-infinitiveMorepractice:1.Thesalesmansaidtome,“Readwhatsomeofoursatisfiedcustomerssay.”→Thesalesmanaskedmetoreadwhatsomeoftheirsatisfiedcustomerssaid.2.“Don’tworry,Mickey,”Jensaid.→JenaskedMickeynottoworry.☆Thereareotherverbsthatcanbeusedinthisstructuretoreportimperativesentences:adviseencourageinviteremindwarne.g.1.“Don’tbelieveeveryadvertisementyouread,”Michellesaidtome.→MichelleadvisedmenottobelieveeveryadvertisementIread.2.“Don’tforgettotakeyourmedicine,Dad,”mydaughtersaid.→Mydaughterremindednottoforgettotakemymedicine.Morepracticetobegiven.
